Polyphenols (Camellia Sinensis & Quercetin) are micronutrients extracted from plants, with a large number of scientific studies indicating they are involved with processes related to immune support, immune modulation, anti-inflammation, digestion, and energy production. Quercetin in particular has scientific evidence of being anti-allergenic (therefore being helpful for those with histamine issues).

EGCG (Epigallocatechin gallate) is extracted from green tea and other food sources and has a large number of scientific studies indicating involvement with processes related to reducing inflammation, supporting metabolic functions and also having antiviral functionality.

These ingredients have been put together in one compound because they act as a very beneficial antiviral co-factors together with zinc. EGCG and quercetin are both types of zinc-ionophores, meaning that they help transport zinc into cells which maximises the antiviral benefits. Additionally EGCG acts in a synergistic manner with quercetin to increase functionality.

Dabbagh-Bazarbachi et al. Zinc Ionophore Activity of Quercetin and Epigallocatechin-gallate: From Hepa 1-6 Cells to a Liposome Model.
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf5014633

Ferrara, et al. The distribution of minerals and flavonoids in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis).
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-827X(01)01104-1

Healthline. EGCG (Epigallocatechin Gallate): Benefits, Dosage, and Safety.
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/egcg-epigallocatechin-gallate

Healthline. Top Foods with Polyphenols.
https://www.healthline.com/health/polyphenols-foods

Healthline. What Are Polyphenols? Types, Benefits, and Food Sources.
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/polyphenols#what-they-are

Kuo, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of EGCG fraction of green tea extract in innate and adaptive immunity via T regulatory cells in murine model.
https://doi.org/10.3109/08923973.2014.953637

Li, et al. Quercetin, inflammation and immunity.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030167

Micek, et al. Quercetin and its anti-allergic immune response.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21050623

Purple Tea. Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract: 7 Health Benefits Of The Tea Plant.
https://blog.purpletea.com/camellia-sinensis/

Sharangi. Medicinal and therapeutic potentialities of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) – A review.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2009.01.007

Wu, et al. Green tea EGCG, T cells, and T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2011.10.001

Zvetkova, et al. Aqueous extracts of Crinum latifolium (L.) and Camellia sinensis show immunomodulatory properties in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2009.01.007

95% Pure Curcumin (Curcuma Longa) which makes up the majority of our FSC™ compound, has numerous scientific studies which suggest significant anti-inflammatory functionality. Curcumin is also a powerful antioxidant which means that it can prevent damage to cells caused by oxidation. However, if taken by itself, curcumin is not easily absorbed by the body. For this reason, we have included piperine in our FSC™ compound.

Organic Turmeric has also been recognised for its medicinal benefits for thousands of years. However, the specific functional nutrients within turmeric have only recently been scientifically discovered and proven. The most discussed are curcuminoids. We have used organic turmeric together with curcumin to provide ‘full-spectrum’ benefits of placing the isolated nutrient together with its donor herb, for synergy, absorption and micronutrient interaction benefits. 

Piperine (Piper nigrum) is the major active component in black pepper and research has shown that it increases the bioavailability of curcumin by 2000% when taken together. By improving absorption, the health benefits that naturally occur from curcumin are increased.

Antony, et al. Immunomodulatory activity of curcumin.
https://doi.org/10.3109/08820139909062263

Gautam, et al. Immunomodulation by curcumin.
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-46401-5_14

Healthline. Turmeric vs Curcumin: Which Should You Take?
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/turmeric-vs-curcumin#bottom-line

Jagetia, et al. “Spicing up” of the immune system by curcumin.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-006-9066-7

Jeena, et al. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties of black pepper essential oil (Piper nigrum Linn).
https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2013.831562

Kahkhaie, et al. Curcumin: a modulator of inflammatory signaling pathways in the immune system.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-019-00607-3

Kocaadam, et al. Curcumin, an active component of turmeric (Curcuma longa), and its effects on health.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2015.1077195

Medical News Today. How can antioxidants benefit our health?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/301506

Rathaur, et al. Turmeric: the golden spice of life.
https://www.cabdirect.org/globalhealth/abstract/20123285419

S. J. Hewlings and D. S. Kalman Curcumin: A Review of Its’ Effects on Human Health,
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5664031/

Tilak, et al. Antioxidant availability of turmeric in relation to its medicinal and culinary uses.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1553

L. Acidophilus is a live culture, also known colloquially as ‘good bacteria’ that is considered by healthcare professionals studying gut-health, to be beneficial to your body as they help reduce levels of ‘bad bacteria’. Scientific research indicates a correlation between increased intake of L. acidophilus and gut health and immune system support - which can then reduce the effects of viral infections. For example, it has also been shown to reduce the symptoms of the common cold in various studies examining its effects.

Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) is a prebiotic which acts as food for live cultures, helping good bacteria grow in your gut. FOS is an effective prebiotic that occurs naturally in many plants, is widely studied and has been found to be effective for this purpose.

Bromelain is a naturally occurring enzyme and is extracted from pineapples. Enzymes are proteins that are essential for respiration, digesting food, muscle and nerve function, among thousands of other roles. Bromelain is a remarkable nutrient that also has scientific studies indicating a correlation to processes related to anti-inflammation, antithrombosis and immune modulation. 

Bodera, et al. Influence of prebiotics on the human immune system.
https://doi.org/10.2174/187221308784543656

Dugas, et al. Immunity and probiotics.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5699(99)01448-6

Engwerda, et al. Bromelain modulates T Cell and B Cell immune responses in vitro and in vivo.
https://doi.org/10.1006/cimm.2001.1807

Gill, at al. Probiotics, Immunomodulation, and Health Benefits.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-74087-4_17

G. Leyer et al. Probiotic effects on cold and influenza-like symptom incidence and duration in children.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19651563/

Gourbeyre, et al. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics: impact on the gut immune system and allergic reactions.
https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.1109753

Hale, et al. Oral immunogenicity of the plant proteinase bromelain.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2006.08.007

Healthline. 9 Ways Lactobacillus Acidophilus Can Benefit Your Health.
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/lactobacillus-acidophilus#section12

Healthline. Fructooligosaccharides.
https://www.healthline.com/health/fructooligosaccharides

Healthline. Proteolytic Enzymes: How They Work, Benefits and Sources.
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/proteolytic-enzymes

Holland & Barrett. Acidophilus: benefits, dosage, side-effects.
https://www.hollandandbarrett.com/the-health-hub/vitamins-and-supplements/supplements/what-is-acidophilus/

Kang et al. The effect of probiotics on prevention of common cold: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial studies.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23372900/

Klaenhammer, et al. The impact of probiotics and prebiotics on the immune system.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3312

Mauer. Bromelain: biochemistry, pharmacology and medical use.
https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00000936

Medical News Today. Does bromelain have any health benefits?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323783

Perdigon, et al. Immune system stimulation by probiotics.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76784-4

Schley, et al. The immune-enhancing effects of dietary fibres and prebiotics.
https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN/2002541

S. King et al. Effectiveness of probiotics on the duration of illness in healthy children and adults who develop common acute respiratory infectious conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24780623/

S. & L. Rerksuppaphol. Randomized controlled trial of probiotics to reduce common cold in schoolchildren.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22507276/

Astragalus Root (Astragalus membranaceus) has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries with many purported health benefits. Scientific studies indicate a correlation to processes within the body related to antiviral activity, immune modulation and with evidence of being anti-allergenic (therefore being helpful for those with histamine issues).

Liquorice Root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) is another key herbal ingredient used in Chinese medicine for thousands of years. Scientific studies indicate a correlation to it being an antiviral and having immune modulation properties and also being anti-allergenic. Herbalists will rarely provide a herbal root extract to customers by itself, as it is considered best practice to take in conjunction with Astragalus or other suitable herbs.

Reishi Mushroom (Ganodermalucidum) has a long history of use for promoting health and longevity in China, Japan, and other Asian countries. Scientific studies indicate a correlation with antiviral and inflammation regulation. Additionally it is described as an “amphoteric” herb, which means it can up or down regulate the immune system as needed, providing immune modulation. 

Ginger Root (Zingiber officinale rhizome) is a member of a plant family that includes turmeric with usage in India and China as a health tonic for colds, nausea, migraines, and hypertension, dating back over 5000 years. Modern scientific research indicates a correlation to it being helpful as an antiviral and immune modulator.

Cinnamon Extract (Cinnamomum verum/ zeylanicum and Cinnamomum Cassia blend) is one of the most important herbal bioactives and has been widely used in Asia for more than 4000 years. Both forms listed have their advantages and hence a blend of both is used. Modern scientific research indicates a correlation to anti-inflammation, antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidant and immune modulation functions. 

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is widely used in Ayurvedic medicine, the traditional medical system of India as a general adaptogen used to increase energy, improve overall health, prevent adrenal exhaustion and promote recovery. Modern scientific research indicates a correlation to anti-inflammation, antistress, energy production and immune modulation functions. 

Barford, et al. Chalcones from Chinese liquorice inhibit proliferation of T cells and production of cytokines.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1567-5769(01)00202-8

Block, et al. Immune system effects of echinacea, ginseng, and astragalus: A review.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735403256419

Gao, et al. The Immunomodulating Effects of Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. (Ling Zhi, Reishi Mushroom) (Aphyllophoromycetideae).
https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v4.i1.10

Gruenwald, et al. Cinnamon and health.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390902773052

Gupta, et al. Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha): A Review.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284801881_Withania_somnifera_Ashwagandha_A_Review

Healthline. 10 Evidence-Based Health Benefits of Cinnamon.
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/10-proven-benefits-of-cinnamon

Holland & Barrett. Cinnamon: benefits, dosage, side-effects.
https://www.hollandandbarrett.com/the-health-hub/vitamins-and-supplements/supplements/what-does-cinnamon-do/

Khan, et al. Molecular insight into the immune up-regulatory properties of the leaf extract of Ashwagandha and identification of Th1 immunostimulatory chemical entity.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.011

Lakhanpal, et al. Medicinal and nutraceutical genetic resources of mushrooms.
https://doi.org/10.1079/PGR200581

Patel. Ginger.
https://examine.com/supplements/ginger/

WebMD. Ginger.
https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-961/ginger

Račková, et al. Mechanism of anti-inflammatory action of liquorice extract and glycyrrhizin.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410701371280

Raut, et al. Exploratory study to evaluate tolerability, safety, and activity of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in healthy volunteers.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3487234/

Sinclair. Chinese herbs: A clinical review of astragalus, ligusticum, and schizandrae.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9802911/

Singh, et al. An overview on ashwagandha: a Rasayana (rejuvenator) of Ayurveda.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3252722/

Stephen Harrod Buhner. Herbal Antivirals, Natural remedies for emerging and resistant viral infections.
https://www.amazon.co.uk/Herbal-Antivirals-Harrod/dp/1612121608

Yamadi, et al. A comparison of the immunostimulatory effects of the medicinal herbs Echinacea, Ashwagandha and Brahmi.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.05.017

Ziauddin, et al. Studies on the immunomodulatory effects of Ashwagandha.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(95)01318-0

There are several ways to improve levels of glutathione; orally, from ‘upstream’ inputs (such as NAC - N-Acetyl Cysteine) or recycling the existing levels of GSH. It was seen from clinical research findings that improving the body’s own recycling of GSH would increase endogenous production. Hence, RecoverUp® Immune Support 24h™ supplements contain the key nutrients required for recycling glutathione within your own body.

Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a multifunctional compound, known to act as a direct scavenger of free radical species and help in the regeneration of endogenous antioxidants, such as glutathione. It also helps protect cell membranes, largely by interacting with vitamin C and glutathione, which may in turn recycle vitamin E.

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) is a coenzyme required for glutathione reductase activity. Ultimately, it facilitates the conversion of oxidised glutathione into its reduced form – a compound that is then used for antioxidant function.  

Selenium and Vitamin C. Several nutrients, nutritional substrates and co-factors are involved in glutathione metabolism. Selenium and vitamin C are two such nutrients which are required along with vitamin B2 and alpha-lipoic acid to recycle glutathione.

Carr, et al. Vitamin C and immune function.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111211

Healthline. 7 Science-Based Health Benefits of Selenium.
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/selenium-benefits

Healthline. Alpha-Lipoic Acid: Weight Loss, Other Benefits and Side Effects.
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/alpha-lipoic-acid

Hemilä. Vitamin C, respiratory infections and the immune system. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2003.09.004

Iqbal, et al. Biological significance of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in human health.
https://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2004.5.13

Mazur-Bialy, et al. Riboflavin deprivation inhibits macrophage viability and activity – a study on the RAW 264.7 cell line.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512005351

Medical News Today. Selenium: What it does and how much you need. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/287842

Minich, et al. A Review of Dietary (Phyto)Nutrients for Glutathione Support. Nutrients.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31484368/

National Institutes of Health. Selenium.
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Selenium-HealthProfessional/

NHS. Selenium.
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/others/

Packer, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(95)00017-R

Petronilho, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid attenuates oxidative damage in organs after sepsis.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-015-0256-4

WebMD. Selenium.
https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1003/selenium

Wintergerts, et al. Immune-enhancing role of vitamin C and zinc and effect on clinical conditions.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000090495

Studies and lab tests have also shown that zinc can block the replication and growth of viruses by helping the body’s immune system cells such as NK cells, T cells, B cells and Neutrophils which fight infections.

The form of zinc found in our AM formula is zinc picolinate. We use this because it is the most bioavailable form of zinc. In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial it was shown to be the best form of zinc in terms of staying present in blood serum for longer than 24 hours.

Barrie, et al. Comparative absorption of zinc picolinate, zinc citrate and zinc gluconate in humans.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3630857

Dardenne. Zinc and immune function.
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601479

Fraker, et al. The dynamic link between the integrity of the immune system and zinc status.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.5.1399S

NHS. Zinc.
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/others/

Prasad. Zinc in human health: Effect of zinc on immune cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2277319

Read, et al. The role of zinc in antiviral immunity.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31305906

Rink. Zinc and the immune system.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665100000781

The body creates vitamin D from direct sunlight on the skin when outdoors. It's therefore a good idea to take supplements containing vitamin D, especially if you spend a considerable amount of time indoors.

Vitamin D is included in our AM formula, specifically vitamin D2 because it is extracted only from plant sources, unlike vitamin D3.

Also included in our AM formula is vitamin K2 which, as studies have shown, has anti-inflammatory effects and antioxidant properties, thus protecting cellular membranes from damage.

Vitamin K2 has been observed to have superior health benefits to K1 which is the reason we have chosen this form of vitamin K. In fact, the specific subtype of K2 that we use in our supplements is vitamin K2 MK7 (menaquinone-7) which is widely recognised as being the most bioavailable and having the longest half-life, meaning the best chance of building up a consistent blood level.

The reason that we have included both vitamin D and vitamin K in our AM formula is because they work together to use calcium effectively by producing and activating Matrix GLA Protein (MGP). This substance binds excess calcium and promotes arterial flow and flexibility to keep your heart and bones healthy.

The skeleton and the immune system are known to often interact with each other as immune cells are developed in the bone marrow. Therefore maintaining healthy bones are very important for maintaining a healthy immune system.

Aranow. Vitamin D and the immune system.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/JIM.0b013e31821b8755

Baeke, et al. Vitamin D: modulator of the immune system.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2010.04.001

Borges, et al. Current perspectives on vitamin D, immune system, and chronic diseases.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2010.07.022

Healthline.
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/vitamin-d-and-vitamin-k

Hodges, et al. Anti-inflammatory actions of vitamin K.
https://doi.org/10.5772/63891

Kamen, et al. Vitamin D and molecular actions on the immune system: modulation of innate and autoimmunity.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-010-0590-9

Kenny et al. Vitamin D and Inflammation: Potential Implications for Severity of Covid-19.
http://imj.ie/vitamin-d-and-inflammation-potential-implications-for-severity-of-covid-19/

M Epstein. Matrix Gla-Protein (MGP) Not Only Inhibits Calcification in Large Arteries But Also May Be Renoprotective: Connecting the Dots.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4776260/

Myneni, et al. Immunomodulatory effect of vitamin K2: Implications for bone health.
https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.12759

Namazi, et al. Vitamin K and the immune system.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16073-9_4

NHS. Vitamin D.
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-d/

NHS. Vitamin K.
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-k/

R Bartholomew. Thinking of Supplementing with Vitamin D? …Think Vitamin K2 Too!
https://www.nutriadvanced.co.uk/news/thinking-of-supplementing-with-vitamin-d-think-vitamin-k2-too/

Schurgers, et al. Reduced Vitamin K Status as A Potentially Modifiable Prognostic Risk Factor in Covid-19.
https://bit.ly/312AO1g

Iron is an essential mineral, crucial for red blood cell formation and oxygen transport. A lack of iron therefore means insufficient oxygen in your body which will make you feel fatigued, leading to poorer function of the immune system.

B Vitamins – B6, B9, B12 Vitamins B6 (pyridoxine), B9 (folate) and B12 (cyanocobalamin) have all been identified as having important and complementary roles in facilitating the immune system. B vitamins serve as cofactors and are used by hundreds of enzymes that carry out essential functions including DNA and protein synthesis and energy metabolism.

Separation of Iron from Zinc. Iron is contained in the PM formula in order to make sure that it is taken separately from zinc, which is contained in the AM formula. This is because when iron is combined with zinc the two nutrients will compete with each other during intestinal absorption. Therefore, taking them separately allows the body to experience the benefits of both nutrients to help promote a balanced immune system.

Calder, et al. The immune system: a target for functional foods?
https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN2002682

Chandra, et al. Regulation of immune responses by Vitamin B6.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb28073.x

Healthline. 10 Reasons Why You Might Need Iron Supplements.
https://www.healthline.com/health/10-reasons-iron-supplements

Hidehiko, et al. Vitamin-mediated immune regulation in the development of inflammatory diseases.
https://doi.org/10.2174/1871530315666150316122128

Maggini, et al. Selected vitamins and trace elements support immune function by strengthening epithelial barriers and cellular and humoral immune responses.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114507832971

NHS. Iron.
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/iron/

Rail, et al. Vitamin B6 and immune competence.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1993.tb03109.x

Reza, et al. The role of vitamin D3 and vitamin B9 (Folic acid) in immune system.
http://ijer.skums.ac.ir/article_15823.html

Ueland, et al. Inflammation, vitamin B6 and related pathways.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2016.08.001

WebMD. Dietary Iron and Iron Supplements.
https://www.webmd.com/diet/supplement-guide-iron

It has been established that the complex, integrated immune system needs multiple specific micronutrients, including vitamins A, D, C, E, B6, and B12, folate, zinc, iron, copper, and selenium, which play vital, often synergistic roles at every stage of the immune response. RecoverUp® Immune Support 24h™ supplements contain all of these core immune system nutrients, collectively benefiting from the synergy between them.

Zinc, Vitamin D, Iron, B6, B9, B12 These are discussed above in the proceeding sections.

Selenium plays a significant role in bodily processes such as metabolism and thyroid function. It is well recognised for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Copper plays an important role in the making of red blood cells and maintaining nerve cells, healthy bones, blood vessels and the immune system.

Manganese is a nutrient required for the normal functioning of the brain, nervous system, and many of the body’s enzyme processes.

Vitamin C has been recognised as a nutrient that is important for optimal immune function. Plasma and leukocyte levels of vitamin C tend to decline rapidly during infections and periods of stress. Thus, requirements may increase depending on the severity of an infection.

Vitamin A has a central role in the innate and adaptive immune system. They exert multiple roles including: augmenting antibody responses to T-cell antigens, enhancing lymphocyte proliferation and exerting anti-inflammatory effects.

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant, able to modulate immune function including the regulation of T and B cells, NK cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Studies show it may have anti-inflammation functionality. 

Beharka, et al. Vitamin E status and immune function.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(97)82112-X

Carr, et al. Vitamin C and immune function.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111211

Gombart, et al. Optimal Nutritional Status for a Well-Functioning Immune System Is an Important Factor to Protect against Viral Infections.
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/4/1181

Healthline. 7 Science-Based Health Benefits of Selenium.
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/selenium-benefits

Healthline. 10 Evidence-Based Benefits of Manganese.
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/manganese-benefits

Hemilä. Vitamin C, respiratory infections and the immune system.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2003.09.004

Medical News Today. Health benefits and risks of copper.
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/288165#food_sources

Medical News Today. Selenium: What it does and how much you need.
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/287842

Meydani, et al. Vitamin E supplementation enhances cell-mediated immunity in healthy elderly subjects.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/52.3.557

Mora, et al. Vitamin effects on the immune system: vitamins A and D take centre stage.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2378

Moriguchi, et al. Vitamin E and immunity.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0083-6729(00)59011-6

National Institutes of Health. Selenium.
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Selenium-HealthProfessional/

NHS. Copper.
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/others/

NHS. Manganese.
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/others/

NHS. Selenium.
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/others/

Rayman, et al. Association between regional selenium status and reported outcome of COVID-19 cases in China.
https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/111/6/1297/5826147

Reifen. Vitamin A as an anti-inflammatory agent.
https://doi.org/10.1079/PNS2002172

Semba. Vitamin A, immunity, and infection.
https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/19.3.489

WebMD. Selenium.
https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1003/selenium

Choline is needed by the body to support normal metabolism and normal homocysteine metabolism. Choline is also required to make certain phospholipids, which are essential components of all membranes and it has also been shown to support normal liver function. 

Given the fact that certain viruses replicate in the liver, coupled with the fact that choline shortfalls could result in liver dysfunction, choline could have an important role to play in the overall immune health of a person.

Adams, et al. Systemic Viral Infections and Collateral Damage in the Liver.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1606546/

Healthline. What Is Choline? An Essential Nutrient With Many Benefits.
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/what-is-choline

Papic, et al. Liver involvement during influenza infection: perspective on the 2009 influenza pandemic.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4941665/

WebMD. Choline.
https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-436/choline